GREEN WALLS: Transforming urban spaces in vertical gardening

BY: RISHABH JOSHI GUIDED BY: DR. ANJU PAL

GBPUAT, Pantnagar Department of Horticulture, GBPUAT, Pantnagar

Abstract:

Vertical gardening is a transformative approach to urban agriculture, offering innovative

solutions to space limitations and environmental challenges. This article explores the

principles, benefits, and applications of vertical gardening, highlighting its role in enhancing

biodiversity, improving air quality and promoting sustainable food production. We examine

various techniques, such as hydroponics and wall-mounted planters, and their suitability for

diverse settings, from residential balconies to commercial spaces. Additionally, the article

addresses challenges, including maintenance and plant selection, while showcasing the

related challenges in the development and maintenance of a vertical garden or say green

walls. This article explores the benefits, techniques and inspiration behind vertical gardening,

empowering you to create your own green oasis, regardless of space constraints.

Introduction:

With the advent of modernization and urbanization, people are shifting from rural to urban

areas cause increasing population day by day resulting in congested cities and towns. All

around the world, a huge number of buildings are being constructed adding many more in

future. Throughout the years, replacement of vegetated surfaces with paved and impervious

surfaces in the urban areas have increased the temperature as compared to rural areas,

because the paved surfaces absorb, retain and reradiate more solar energy than vegetation.

The ambient temperature in urban area can be as much as 6oC higher than the air in rural

areas. Urban landscaping is gaining popularity nowadays as people are becoming more

conscious about green and clean environment.

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of vertical

gardening, including its benefit, design principles, challenges, recent developments as well

challenges and solutions regarding the development of a vertical garden. We will examine the

various types of vertical gardening systems, their applications and impacts on urban

ecosystems.

By synthesizing existing research and highlighting best practices, this review article seeks to

inform urban planners, architects and horticultural practitioners on the potential of vertical

gardening to transform urban landscapes, promote sustainability and foster a healthier and

also more resilient future.

Why vertical gardening?

A vertical gardens plants have 70% to 95% less water than the field plants. Vertical gardens

in addition to increasing plant growth, allow farmers to grow more plants in smaller spaces.

Green walls can produce more per square foot if they grow upward and closer together. In

addition to growing vegetables in vertical cages a vertical garden produce more fruit.

There will be nearly 9 billion people on the planet by 2050, and feeding them will be a major

challenge. Vertical farming has been embraced as an answer to this problem in many ways.

This modern idea, which is based on Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) technology,

uses indoor farming techniques. When it comes to vertical gardening, there is much to be

excited about and a lot of promise.

Farming in vertical mode is more environmentally friendly than conventional farming

because it uses less land and water. A low-carbon power supply is required in order for

vertical farming to be a long-term success.

Credit: Pinterest

Benefits of Green Wall:

• Aesthetic benefits

Green wall adds beauty and greenery to walls, fences, and indoor spaces, creating visually

appealing environments. Also give the city dwellers a sense of closeness to the Mother

Nature in the city. Unattractive building walls can be veiled by the green walls and

vegetation.

• Improved thermal efficiency of the building

Plants can offer cooling benefits in the city through two mechanisms, direct shading and

evaporative transpiration. The plants used in green walls provide shade to the building and

shading extent depends on the density of the plants in the green walls. Shading of building

leads to temperature reduction.

• Indoor air quality improvement

Plants have been widely believed to be effective scavengers of both gaseous and particulate

pollutants from the atmosphere in the urban environment. They can improve the air quality

by filtering out airborne particles in their leaves and branches as well as by absorbing gaseous

pollutants through photosynthesis.

• Economical benefits

Plants introduced around buildings can improve construction integrity by reducing the

weather effect. The uses of green walls reduce the climatic stress on building façades and

prolong the service and practical life of buildings. It also helps in the reduction of building

deterioration by UV (ultra violet) rays. Reduced on the painting cost is one of the economical

benefit of the green walls. It has been reported that in warmer climates, energy used for

cooling in a building can be reduced by 28%. Most important greenery can also add the value

of property.

• Improvement of health and wellness

It has been proved that visual and physical contacts with plants can result in direct health

benefits. Green walls can generate restorative effects leading to decreased stress; improve

patient recovery rate and higher resistance to illness.

• Space efficiency

Maximizes limited space, making it ideal for small yards or urban environments.

• Air quality

Plants filter pollutants and improve air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing

oxygen.

• Reduction of urban heat island effect (UHI)

There are following causes of urban heat island effect.

 Canyon geometry

 Building materials

 Greenhouse effect

 Anthropogenic heat source

 Evaporative cooling source

 Wind pattern

• Other benefits of green wall include

• Reducing internal room temperature

• Plants are away from soil- borne diseases.

• More plants within limited space.

• Helps in saving water.

• Helps in hiding less attractive portions of landscape.

• Provides excellent air circulation for the plants.

• Can provide privacy and a disguise from unattractive views.

Classification of vertical gardens/green walls:

There are two main categories of green walls: green façades and living walls. Green facades

are made up of climbing plants either growing directly on a wall or specially designed

supporting structures whereas with a living wall, the modular panels are often made of

stainless steel containers, geo textiles, irrigation systems, a growing medium and vegetation

with a proper well built system.

1.Container/trellis system

Commonly known as Green façades, refer to vines and

climbers that grow from the ground or from large

containers at various locations around the building

supported either by the wall or by a supporting

trellis/mesh. The wall-climbing type is the very common

and traditional green walls method. Although, it is a time

consuming process, climbing plants can cover the walls of

building naturally. Sometimes, they are grown upwards

with the help of a trellis or other supporting systems.

2. Modular panel system

Commonly known as living wall, the panel system composed of

pre planted panels, vertical modules that hold growing media to

support plants that are fixed vertically to a structural wall or

frame. The module type is the latest concept compared to the

previous type. It requires more complicated design and planning

considerations before a vertical system is ready. These panels

can be made of plastic, expanded polystyrene, synthetic fabric

and support a great diversity of plants species (eg: a lush mixture

of ferns, ground covers, perennials and edible plants).

Planning:

Planning includes suitable location, local climate, availability of plant material, set up of

supporting structures including necessary preparations for integrated drip-tube irrigation etc.

A vertical garden can be built virtually in any location and key to success is the selection of

the right species for the right location. Green wall consists of………

• Plant material: Plants selections are site-specific and determined by light availability,

location, size, color, texture and growth habits.

• Planting matrix: Medium for the plants to root and anchor into a vertical surface. These

can be in the form of organic such as soil or inorganic like plastics, synthetic fibers etc.

• Irrigation system: To supply the plants with water and nutrients for their proper growth.

• Waterproof barrier: To protect the building’s façade from moisture.

• Structural support: For supporting the structural load of the vertical garden system onto

the building façade.

• Lighting: To supply plants with sufficient lighting to photosynthesize and promote natural

growth habits. Lighting can either be supplied by a natural source (the sun) or artificial source

such as metal halide, high-pressure sodium and LED lights.

Construction:

Construction of green walls includes designing, installation and maintenance. A well

executed & developed design is a way to minimize the future maintenance. Choosing the

right plant for the right place is most important part to develop a vertical garden.

(a) Design

For the overall design, a lot of inspiration is taken from natural shapes and environments

where these types of plants have their origin and in the smaller scale each species is given a

context where it can develop its characteristics. During designing, strategy will be different

for exterior and interior walls. An important design consideration for exterior living walls is

how they are going to evolve over the years. The garden is designed so that the plant’s natural

growth habit is provided along with a dynamic co habitat with different adjacent species.

Selection of plants is based on characteristics such as colour, texture, pattern and size in order

to achieve the greatest visual result. Plants are positioned correctly so they will thrive and

achieve their full potential. Bloom time, flower and foliage colour, and the use of evergreen

plants are all factors that should be considered during selection of plants.

Once the plants have been selected, create the blueprints and artistic renderings of the

future green wall. The representations will also give an idea of the overall patterns and

colours of the completed living artwork. Moreover, maximize the number of species that are

best at improving indoor air quality. There will be the noticeable decrease in urban heat

island, energy consumption and increased refreshing air for a healthy environment. The

supporting structures are very important for the construction of vertical gardens and are used

depending upon the design of vertical gardens may be exterior or interior. The supporting

structure consists of a 10 mm PVC-board mounted on a stud work. The solid PVC-board is

sealed at joints, and an air gap between the board and the wall behind assure a double

protection against moisture. On top of the board, a multi-layered, synthetic and highly

absorbent felt surface is attached. It gives an even distribution of water over the surface and

provides mechanical support for the plants as they grow attached to the felt.

(b) Installation

A vertical garden can be installed in almost any location and as a living material; the potential

of integrating plants in our urban environments is interesting. Places never thought of as

possible could be inhabited by plants, like subway stations or other intensely frequented

places where horizontal space is difficult to spare. Plants are added at their suitable places.

Vertical gardening is an innovative way of bringing flowers and plants into the forefront of

our consciousness. Along with variety of benefits, there are a variety of ways to plant

flowers, herbs and vegetables on a vertical plane. Flower towers are a great way to get

gorgeous blooms noticed and send shock waves of admiration through all who view them.

Flower towers, planters, and vertical gardens are a few of the inexpensive ways to plant with

efficient watering system that keeps the flower’s roots wet. For installation of these walls,

there is a need of setting up an automatic irrigation system which will supply the plants with

the ideal amount of water and nutrients. The irrigation system is designed to minimize water

consumption. It consists of an automation-unit with equipment for control of nutrient

injection and irrigation cycles. When a surface has a variation of sun exposures, the irrigation

is divided into segments in order to program, it specifically for each part. Within the multi-

layered felt surface, a drip-tube is integrated and water consumption varies with heat and sun

exposure. As compared to normal green spaces or lawn, the consumption is normally lower

and averages between 2-5 l/m2/day.

Direct sunlight intensity is over 1000 lux whereas the average light level in an office

is around 300-500 lux. For indoor green walls, depending on how much natural light there is,

special low-energy, high output light fixtures are mounted to illuminate the wall. Even if the

least light demanding species are used, artificial light is normally necessary indoor. A few

species perform well at 900 lux, but a slightly increased level will broaden the variation of

species that can be used. Artificial light is not only necessary for the plant survival and

growth, but also makes the green wall more beautiful. A suitable light source is the metal

halide which produces the essential wave-lengths needed by plant. It is an energy-saving and

cost-efficient alternative.

(c) Maintenance

As the supply of the basic needs of plants (light, water and nutrients) are automated, plants

remain healthy, reduces maintenance demand and makes the vertical garden possible to use

on high buildings or other places where accessibility is limited. Small scale domestic green

walls require very little in the way of maintenance. The perennial plants have to be replaced

as required.

Climbing plants entering guttering or tendrils twining around window fixtures may

need occasional sorting. It is important to make sure that extensive areas of foliage are not

allowed to become too tangled as this could compromise the support system and also the

health of the plants. Where, there is the possibility of shoots penetrating between materials in

the building, for example under tiles, cladding or roofs, this growth will need to be cut back

to ensure that the facade does not interfere with the fabric of the building. These maintenance

measures will ensure a long term lush and attractive garden. Extending the plants or greenery

onto the building façade has shown potential in improving air quality and reducing surface

temperature in the built environment. Plants certainly help to promote thermal comfort as

they cool down the building façade and the surrounding by transpiration. The breathing wall

with vegetated façade tends to focus to develop the building as an ecologically complex and

stable plant, microbial and human community that helps to improve the air quality in an

interface between natural processes and the built structure environmental system. The whole

system works for the social, ecological and environmental benefits.

Plants suitable for vertical garden

Plant selection should be based on local climatic conditions. Plants should have compact

growth habit which is likely to provide thick and dense cover. Plants with short growth habit

should have shallow fibrous root system, long life cycle. Plants should be capable to cope

with full sun or full shade according to the location. Most commonly used plants in vertical

garden are;

Green Façades: Hedera helix, Parthenocissus spp, Hydrangea petiolaris, Polygonum

bauldschianicum, Lonicera spp. Clematis spp. Aristolochia spp. Jasminum officinale,

Passiflora caerulea, etc.

Living Wall: Dracaena, Phalaenopsis spp, Asparagus sprengeri, Kalanchoe, Cordyline

spp.Chlorophytum spp., Haworthia spp., Tradescantia sp, Fittonia spp, Nephrolepsis,

Clematis, Gardenia spp, Daisies, Bromeliads and even some vegetables like tomato, chillies,

cucumber, peas lettuce, etc.

Exterior Wall: Lavendula, Thymus, Rosmarinus or Salvia for full sunlight while Begonia,

Arum, Davallia, Asplenium, and Fuchsia for shady locations.

Interior Wall: Philodendron, Epipremnum, Aeschynanthus, Columnea, Saintpaulia, Begonia

or different ferns like Nephrolepis, Pterisandmany species of Peperomia.

Preparation of vertical garden:

• The Vertical Garden is composed of three parts: a metal frame, a PVC layer and a layer of

felt.

• The metal frame is hung on a wall or can be self-standing.

• PVC sheet of 1.00 cm thickness is riveted to the metal frame. This layer brings rigidity to

the whole structure and makes it waterproof.

• A felt layer, made of polyamide, is stapled on the PVC. This felt is rot proof and its high

capillarity allow homogeneous water distribution and the plant roots grow well on felt.

• Slits are cut in the outer felt layer to create pockets into which the plants are placed.

• Plants are installed on this felt layer as seeds, cuttings or already grown plants. The density

is about thirty plants per square meter

• The watering is provided from the top supplemented with nutrients. Watering and

fertilization are automated.

• A pump and drip irrigation system supply nutrient-laden water, which slowly cascades

down the wall through the felt material layers until reaching the bottom where a collector

recovers the excess for reuse.

• The whole weight of the vertical garden including plants and metal frame is lower than 25

kg per square meter.

Thus, the vertical garden can be implemented on any wall, without any size or height. It can

have several types of other gardening methods such as aeroponics and hydroponics. Based on

requirement and resources one can easily makeover the walls green and more efficient and

adding aesthetic appeal to indoor and outdoor enviroments.

Problems in developing green walls:

Understanding the components of a vertical garden system, such as lightning, irrigation and

soil quality is vital for troubleshooting any issues that may arise in the development of these

walls.

• Common lighting issues

Insufficient light levels can hinder plant growth in vertical gardens. Lack of proper lighting

can lead to stunted growth, yellowing leaves, and poor overall plant health. On the other hand

improper light placement can cause uneven growth or inadequate exposure to sunlight.

Selecting the right type of light for the specific vertical garden system is essential considering

factors such as type of plants being grown the duration of light exposure required and the

intensity of light needed.

• Irrigation and watering challenges

Both overwatering and underwatering can have detrimental effects on vertical gardens.

Overwatering can lead to root rot, nutrient leaching and the growth of fungi or mold.

Underwatering on the other hand can result in wilting, dryness and nutrient deficiencies.

• Soil quality and nutrient deficiencies

Soil composition plays a vital role in the growth and health of plants in vertical gardens. Soil

lacking essential nutrients or having poor drainage can hinder plant growth and increase the

risk of nutrient deficiencies.

• Pest and disease management

Identifying common pests and diseases that affect vertical gardens is essential for effective

troubleshooting. Implementing prevention strategies, such as regular monitoring, maintaining

good hygiene practices and implementing eco-friendly pest control methods can help

minimize the risk of infestations.

• Structural and support issues

Proper installation and maintenance of vertical garden structures are vital for the stability and

longevity of the garden. Stability and weight-bearing concerns ensures the safety of both the

plants and the surrounding environment. Choosing the right support system for different plant

also considering the factors such as weight, height and growth habit is crucial for preventing

structural issues and ensuring healthy plant growth.

Recent developments:

Vertical gardening continues to evolve with advancements in technology and innovative

techniques. The discussion of recent trends and developments in vertical gardening helps

troubleshooting solutions. Exploring innovations, such as smart irrigation systems, vertical

farming techniques, and the integration of artificial intelligence, sheds light on the future of

vertical gardens.

In our nation we are having several locations having beautiful landscapes and architecture of

vertical garden such as highways, airports, restaurants and others buildings architectures.

First vertical garden in India were set-up in Hosur road electronics city flyover in Bengaluru,

Karnataka. Currently we have various expressways, highways and airports with such

architecture such as Delhi-Mumbai expressway, Bangalore city and airports. Hotels,

restaurants and café are the mostly having these structures as they require aesthetic and

pleasant environment.

Credit: pinterest

What is a Vertical Garden?

A Vertical Garden is a unique gardening concept where plants are grown vertically against a

wall or in a stacked design rather than horizontally on the ground. This approach to gardening

offers numerous benefits, such as maximizing limited space, enhancing aesthetic appearance,

improving air quality, and even providing insulation for buildings. Vertical gardens are also

known to help reduce noise pollution, create habitats for beneficial insects, and offer easy

accessibility for maintenance and harvesting. Compared to traditional gardening methods,

vertical gardens require less water due to efficient irrigation systems like drip irrigation,

vertical planters, and hydroponics, making them sustainable options for urban environments.

Vertical gardens can be customized to suit various plant species, from lush foliage to culinary

herbs, adding a touch of greenery to homes, offices, or public spaces.

Why Should You Consider Having a Vertical Garden?

There are several reasons why you should consider having a Vertical Garden, including

maximizing limited space, creating visual interest, and enhancing air quality.

One significant benefit of Vertical Gardens is their ability to turn unused vertical space into a

thriving oasis of plants and greenery. Vertically, you can transform bare walls or empty

corners into vibrant living artworks, adding a touch of nature’s beauty to vertical gardening

environments. They also contribute to purifying the air and reducing pollution levels,

promoting a healthier and more pleasant atmosphere in your surroundings.

Tools required for Maintaining a Vertical Garden?

To maintain a Vertical Garden effectively, you will need a variety of essential tools that aid in

planting, watering, pest control, and overall care of the plant and its systems.

 Vertical Garden Planter

A key component that provides the structure for planting and arranging your plants vertically,

ensuring proper soil retention and drainage. A vertical garden planter

can maximize space efficiency, allowing you to cultivate a variety of

plants in a compact area. These planters offer excellent aeration to

the roots, promoting healthier growth by minimizing root compaction

and waterlogging. A well-designed vertical garden planter also

extends to providing a conducive environment for beneficial

microorganisms in the soil, aiding in nutrient uptake and overall

plant growth.

 Watering System

It is the most important factor to ensure that your plants receive

adequate moisture without over-watering, underwatering and promoting healthy growth and

preventing water wastage. An efficient watering system in vertical

gardening not only benefits the plants but also aids in water

conservation by delivering just the right amount of water needed.

Various irrigation methods can be implemented such as drip

irrigation, soaker hoses or even automated systems controlled by

timers or sensors.

 Pruning Shears

Pruning shear is essential tool for maintaining your vertical garden by trimming overgrown

branches, shaping plants, and promoting required growth patterns. These specialized garden

tools are designed to make precise cuts, allowing you to remove dead or diseased branches,

shape the plant to improve aesthetics, and encourage new growth. By investing time in proper

pruning practices, you ensure your Vertical Garden thrives and remains vibrant throughout

the seasons.

 Fertilizer

Fertilizer is a vital component for the health and growth of plants in your vertical garden,

providing essential nutrients that may be lacking in the soil. Due to unique structure of

vertical gardens often require specialized fertilizers to ensure optimal growth. There are

various types of fertilizers suitable for these setups, including

liquid fertilizers, slow-release granular fertilizers and water-

soluble options. The key is to choose a fertilizer that is rich

in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium – the primary

macronutrients essential for plant health.

 Gardening Gloves

Gardening Gloves are essential for protecting your hands while

working in your garden, shielding them from thorns, dirt and

potential irritants.

Choosing the right type of gardening gloves can make a significant difference in your

gardening experience. Leather gloves are durable and offer

excellent protection against thorns and sharp objects, while

rubber gloves are ideal for working with wet soil and chemicals.

Investing in high-quality gloves can prevent blisters, cuts,

insects, pathogens and skin irritations, allowing you to focus on

tending to your plants without any discomfort.

 Soil Moisture Meter

A Soil Moisture Meter is a valuable tool for monitoring and

managing the moisture levels in your vertical garden soil by

helping you avoid under or over-watering your plants.This

device provides real-time data on the moisture content of the soil, allowing you to make

informed decisions about when and how much to water your

plants. By using a Soil Moisture Meter, you can ensure that

your plants receive the precise amount of water they need for

their growth and preventing water-related issues such as root

rot or dehydration.

 Mulch

Mulch is a beneficial addition to your garden, helping

conserve soil moisture, regulate temperature, suppress weed

growth and provide essential nutrients to plants. It act as a

protective barrier, mulch helps prevent soil erosion and

compaction, allowing for better root development and nutrient absorption by the plants.

Contains organic matter like compost or shredded leaves, can break down over time,

enriching the soil with vital nutrients.

 Trellis or Support Structure

Provides stability and support to climbing plants in your vertical garden, allowing them to

grow vertically and thrives also it helps climbing plants reach for the sun and optimize light

exposure, but they also play a crucial role in maintaining the overall structure of your garden.

By guiding the growth of plants towards desirable direction,shape and promote proper

spacing, which in turn improves air circulation. Utilizing trellises efficiently maximizes the

use of limited space, allowing you to cultivate a bountiful

harvest in a small area.

 Garden Hose

It is a practical tool for watering your Vertical Garden

efficiently and provides a convenient way to deliver water to

your plants at the right time. Regarding vertical gardening,

ensuring your plants receive adequate hydration is key to their

growth and vitality. A garden hose offers a versatile solution,

allowing you to adjust the water flow depending on the

specific needs of different plant varieties in your vertical

gardening. By using a garden hose and a nozzle attachment,

you can easily control the water pressure and direction and

also ensuring that each plant receives the right amount of

water.

 Hand Trowel

A Hand Trowel is a versatile tool for planting seeds,

transferring seedlings and loosening soil in your vertical

garden aiming for precise and efficient gardening tasks.

Its compact size and sturdy construction make it ideal for

working in tight spaces and containers, ensuring accurate and

controlled planting. The ergonomic design of the handle

provides a comfortable grip, reducing strain on the hands

during prolonged use.

 Plant Labels

Plant Labels are essential for organizing and identifying

different plants in your vertical garden, enabling efficient care,

maintenance, and tracking of plant growth. There are various

techniques to create effective plant labels, such as using

durable materials like plastic, metal, or weather-resistant tags.

These labels can be designed with information like plant names, watering schedules, and

sunlight requirements. Properly labeled plants assist in creating a well-structured garden

layout, aiming in the smart management of plant collections without confusions and chaos.

 Scissors

Scissors are versatile tools in gardening, useful for precise pruning, cutting and maintenance

tasks in your vertical garden to ensure the health and aesthetics of your plants. With their

sharp blades, scissors can effortlessly trim delicate leaves, branches, and roots, aiding in

promoting plant growth and health. When shaping plants into desired forms, such as topiaries

or bonsai trees, scissors offer the necessary precision to achieve intricate designs.

 Insecticide

Insecticide is a crucial tool for pest control in your vertical garden, safeguarding your plants

from harmful insects and ensuring their health and vitality. During application it is essential

to consider the appropriate method based on the type of pest and plant. Spraying is a common

technique, but drenching the soil around the plant roots or using granular formulations can be

effective for certain situations. Always follow the instructions on the label, wear protective

clothing and gear, and avoid applying insecticides on windy days to prevent drift.

 Garden Cart

A practical tool for transporting gardening tools, plants and supplies around your vertical

garden, enhancing efficiency and convenience in garden maintenance.

It is beneficial for significant storage capacity, allowing you to

carry a wide range of tools and materials in one trip. This

eliminates the need for multiple back-and-forth journeys, saving

time and energy during gardening tasks. It benefits for manouver

different objects

 Sunscreen and Protective Clothing

Essential for safeguarding your skin from harmful UV rays while

working in your vertical garden, ensuring proper sun protection

and reducing the risk of sun damage.it is crucial to shield yourself

from the sun’s powerful rays, which can lead to premature aging,

sunburn and an increased risk of skin cancer.

By incorporating sun protection measures into your gardening

routine, such as applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF

of 30 or higher and wearing protective clothing like wide-

brimmed hats, long sleeves, and sunglasses, you can enjoy your

time outdoors while minimizing the potential harm to your skin.

Challenges:

Addressing conflicting viewpoints on certain troubleshooting methods or practices allows

readers to consider different perspectives. Discussing challenges faced by urban vertical

gardens in comparison to traditional gardens provides valuable insights into the unique issues

encountered when troubleshooting vertical gardens in an urban setting. Also having several

developing and maintenance issues however one can do it with proper management with

precision and can achieve maximum from the land or whatever the space as challenging and

solving the problems during the process of development with technological advancements.

Conclusion:

Vertical gardens provide a sustainable and aesthetically pleasing solution to urbanization and

limited space challenges. They offer benefits like space utilization, improved air quality, and

biodiversity promotion. However, design considerations, maintenance requirements, and

accessibility issues must be addressed for the success and inclusivity of vertical gardens. The

future of vertical gardening looks promising with technological advancements and increased

awareness of green spaces' importance.

Green walls are a flexible, space- saving solution with numerous benefits that can make it an

appealing choice for gardeners, especially those with limited ground space. It provides a

sustainable and aesthetically pleasing solution to urbanization and limited space challenges.

The green walls are a better choice for the urban planters with minimal space and max

economical benefit by ample amount of time and proper management of the developing

vertical garden. The overall review article describes why and how one can develop a vertical

garden and related arrangements required for the development and maintenance of its garden

and challenges with their solutions by which one can think over it and can make decision

regarding the investment and its future prospects and mainly a map and overview of vertical

garden is current scenario so the urban investors can look over it.

References

Ritu Jain,IARI.Vertical gardening : A new concept of modern era

Blanc,Patrick.(2018).Blanc P.-2015-Vertical Gardens,the new Challenges – in J.Briz et al.

(Eds) Green Cities in the world,2 nd Ed.330-355.

IOP Conference series: Materials science and Engineering 753(4),042051,2020

https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_Landscaping_vertical%20gardening.html

https://verticalgreenees.com/2024/03/22/essential-tools-for-maintaining-a-vertical-garden/